Description of Fault:
Climber moves up to far on tools placed to far out to either side.
Corrective Action:
Body positioning and tool placements in relation to centre of mass. Check ice tools are placed in target area above centre of mass and check climber not moving up too far on placements.
错误一：架胳膊
错误描述：攀冰者上的位置过高，冰镐入冰位置离身体太远
正确做法：身体姿势和冰镐打入位置与重心有关。将镐打入重心上方的目标范围，攀冰者不要上得太高。Observed Fault: Barn dooring
Description of Fault:
Tool placement and crampon placement fails causing climber to swing away from the ice like a door on it's hinges.
Corrective Action:
Body positioning and tool placements in relation to centre of mass. Emphasise bridging position at end of movement sequence.
错误二：开门
错误描述：错误的冰镐点和冰爪点导致攀冰者像冰壁外侧摇摆，就像门在折页上摆动一样。
正确做法：身体姿势和冰镐打入位置与重心有关。强调移动后回归跨立姿势站好。
Observed Fault: Ice picks glancing or bouncing of the ice
Description of Fault:
When placing tools they tend to bounce or glance of the ice as though hitting concrete.
Corrective Action:
Poor ice tool swing – check technique for: Wrist flick at end of swing. Tool/wrist/elbow/shoulder in straight line when swinging ice tool. Body positioning when placing tool – hip roll. If wearing leashes check fitting of leash length.
错误描述：打镐时冰镐擦冰或弹出，好像打在水泥上一样。
正确做法：挥镐有问题——检查挥镐技巧：挥镐最后要抖腕。挥镐时，冰镐、手腕、手肘、肩膀要在一条直线上。挥镐时身体的姿势——臀部是否内旋。如果使用了腕带，检查一下腕带是否合适或是否太长。
Observed Fault: Forearms quickly becoming pumped
Description of Fault:
Climber complains arms become pumped very quickly regardless of angle of the ice i.e. steepness.
Corrective Action:
Climber over-gripping on tools: focus on relaxing grip after placing tools. Shake-out often. If wearing leashes check fitting of leash around wrist.
错误描述：无论冰壁是否陡峭，攀冰者都抱怨胳膊很快就变得酸胀。
正确做法：攀冰者过度抓握冰镐：注意打镐后要放松抓握。经常甩动胳膊。如果使用了腕带，检查手腕上的部分是否合适。
Observed Fault: Crampon points shearing out
Description of Fault:
Crampon points shear out as climber moves up or places tools.
Corrective Action:
Climber's heels too high. This can be caused by: Over-stretching to place ice tools. Legs very straight (climber will also complain of sore calves). Incorrect body positioning.
错误描述：当攀冰者向上攀爬或打镐的时候，冰爪从踩点脱出。
正确做法：攀冰者的脚跟过高。这可能有是由以下原因造成的：过度拉长身体打镐。腿太直（攀冰者也抱怨小腿酸痛）。错误的体位。
Observed Fault: Crampon points not penetrating the ice
Description of Fault:
Crampon points appear to not penetrate the ice or bounce of the ice whilst being placed.
Corrective Action:
Climber's heels too high when kicking points in. Emphasise dropping heels slightly and swinging kick hinging on knee.
错误描述：踢踩冰爪的时候冰爪齿未入冰或弹出。
正确做法：踢冰时攀冰者的脚跟过高。注意略微沉脚跟，以膝为轴摆动小腿踢冰。
Centre of Mass (Body Positioning), Weight Transfer and Breathing
So far we have looked in detail at how to place your crampons and ice tools. Now we are looking at the 'glue' that binds these techniques together. Your body positioning - making use of your centre of mass - is key to allowing you to use the techniques for placing your axes and crampons effectively. Effective body positioning also allows you to efficiently transfer your weight from crampons to your tools and back again.
As you recall the basic 'Triangle Position' is the start and end of the sequence of moving up on steep uniform ice and allows the ice climber to maintain their balance. You start in the Triangle position, place your tools, straight arm from your highest placement, move your crampons up and then at the end of that movement readopt the triangle position. Key markers to using this position are:
Climber's feet apart – around shoulder width apart minimum – knees slightly bent.
The climber's hips are brought slightly forward (think clenched butt!) until they can feel their weight evenly distributed on their feet.
The climber's ice tools are placed above their head (in a target area roughly about beach ball sized) and slightly off set on both the vertical plane and horizontal plane.
Within this basic framework we can adapt our positioning to allow a more effective ice tool swing (especially useful on very steep i.e. near vertical to vertical terrain), avoid debris falling on us from placing our ice tools above ourselves and enable us to take advantage of features on the ice. Let's look at how this works in practice.
重心、转移体重和呼吸
到现在为止，我们已经学习了踢冰和打镐的细节。现在我们来看看“胶水”是如何把这些技巧黏合在一起的。身体重心和姿势是你如何有效打镐和踢冰的关键。有效的身体姿势也会让你更有效地将体重从冰爪转移到冰镐然后再转移回来。
正如上面说的基础“三角站位”是陡峭冰壁攀登过程的开始和结束姿势。这个姿势能够让攀冰者保证平衡。以三角站姿开始，预设好冰镐，将胳膊伸直打镐入冰，然后踢冰向上攀登，再回到三角站位。这个过程中的关键可以强调为：
Allow a more effective ice tool swing
On steep ice you will find that tweaking your body position will allow a more effective swing. To do this slightly roll the opposite side hip to the lower ice tool e.g. assume your right hand ice tool is the lower tool - roll left side of your hip to face into the right hand tool. This will allow you to lock off on your lower ice tool more effectively and bring your upper shoulder into line with where you want to place your active ice tool. Rolling your hip to the same side as your lower (locked off) tool assists you in maintaining a straight line between your eye line (i.e. looking at your X), shoulder, arm and wrist, allowing you to put into action your killer ice tool placement technique as discussed earlier and as shown below in Fig 3 and Fig 4.
One point worth noting about using this variation on body positioning when climbing steep brittle ice is that any debris falling down as a result of placing your tools will fall onto you. Use your helmet to stop this debris rather than your face! On very brittle ice you can still roll your hips as described but place the tool above and more of to the side from your centre of mass. This reduces the risk of falling debris hitting you in the face. In saying that being cut or bruised from falling ice caused by placing your own tools is one of the unavoidable risks associated with climbing brittle water ice.
Top Tip:
When placing tools give yourself three attempts at placing the tool. After that shake out the active arm i.e. the one doing the hitting, and let it recover before trying again.
更有效地打镐
在陡峭冰壁上你会发现扭转身体可以更有效地挥镐。要做到这个可以稍微向内旋转与持低冰镐的手相对的屁股，举个例子，假如你右手所持冰镐较低，那就向右边的冰镐扭转左边的屁股。这样你就可以更有效地锁定位置低的冰镐，高处的肩膀就可以与想打镐的地方成为一条直线。向持低镐锁定的一侧内旋屁股还有助于将视线（看着目标点）、肩膀、胳膊、手腕置于同一直线上，更有助于将前面讨论的打镐技巧付诸行动。如下图所示。
还有一点需要注意的，采用这种姿势在攀爬陡峭的脆冰时，由于打镐而产生的落冰都会直奔你而来。记得要用头盔来挡，千万不要用脸！在非常脆的冰上你依然可以做这个扭身的动作，但是在高处打镐的时候要偏离重心一点。这样就减低了碎冰砸在脸上的风险。说到这点，在攀登易碎的水冰时，被自己冰镐砸落的碎冰割伤或砸淤是不可避免的。
首要技巧：打镐时，先给自己三次机会。然后甩甩打镐的那支手，让它在下次打镐之前先恢复一下。
Allow effective crampon placement
Adopting the 'Triangle Position' with your feet at least shoulder width apart, butt cheeks 'clenched' and your knees slightly bent and relaxed will allow your body weight to push down and into the front points helping them to stay located in the ice, whilst allowing the secondary points to engage into the ice.
更有效地站定
双脚开立与肩同宽，应用“三角站位”，屁股收紧然后双膝微曲并放松，这时你身体的重量就会下落，灌注在冰爪前齿上，再让你的第二排钩齿也插入冰壁，这样有助于在冰壁上稳固站定。
Weight Transfer
After placing your ice tools and crampons securely it's time to move up. To transfer your weight efficiently drop your hips such that you are hanging straight armed from your highest tool(s) and your body is in a crouch (see photo on right). Bring your feet together and eyeball your crampons, then walk your points up whilst eyeballing where you place them. At this point much of your weight will be taken by your arms holding onto your tools so be quick at moving your feet up to reduce the load on your arms. Focus on maintaining your weight on the front points of your crampons by dropping your heels slightly. When your shoulder is level with your lower tool re-adopt the basic 'Triangle Position'.
During this movement sequence you are moving your centre of mass – your belly button – into line with your upper ice tool. This should mean that at the end of the sequence you are back in balance. I think of the movement sequence as a 1, 2, 3. The first 1 and 2 is your crampons coming closer together and stepping up, whilst the 3 is readopting the bridging position at the end of the sequence. You can move up for longer but generally speaking this 1,2,3 sequence tends to mean you do not overstep and move out of balance.
On featureless good ice some ice climbers use a 'bunny hopping' action to bring their crampons up quickly, locating the front points with positive kicks and then quickly weighting them.
转移体重
在打入冰镐并稳定了冰爪之后，就可以开始攀登了。下蹲，将持较高冰镐的胳膊拉直，身体蜷缩如下图，这样就可以有效地转移体重。双脚靠拢，眼睛看着冰爪，然后眼睛盯准下一个要踢入冰爪的地方，并向上移动，用前齿踢冰。这时候，你身体的重量基本都在冰镐上，所以上脚一定要迅速，这样就可以减轻胳膊的负担。要注意脚跟略沉，将体重压在冰爪前齿上。当你的肩膀与低处的冰镐在同一水平位置时候，就再次恢复回最初的“三角站位”。
在整个攀登的过程中，你是在移动你的重心（也就是你的肚脐），使你的重心与高处的冰镐在一条线上。这就表示，在整个移动过程结束后，你又回到了平衡状态。我将移动过程简述成为1、2、3。开始的1和2就是双脚靠拢然后向上攀登，3就是在移动过程的最后又重新回到双脚开立的跨站姿势。以这样的方式你可以长时间的攀爬，但这可能就意味着你的姿势会受到局限。
在形态不多样的光板儿冰壁上，有一些攀冰者会用“兔子跳”的方式快速移动冰爪，这种方法需要攀冰者主动踢冰，然后迅速将体重压在前齿上。
Keep Breathing
One common habit many climbers have when moving is holding their breath. For a variety of reasons this leads to tensing up. I'll discuss the implications of all this on both your physiology and psychology when we look at developing a mental skills toolbox for leading. As you transfer your weight i.e. when you start to move, take a deep breath in through your nose, using your diaphragm, and exhale through your mouth during the movement sequence.
At first this seems strange and awkward to do but it is worth developing this skill as it helps a great deal with staying relaxed whilst climbing.
保持主动呼吸
很多攀冰者都习惯在攀登的时候屏住呼吸。由于各种原因，屏住呼吸将会导致精神紧张。我将会在如何开发先锋攀登心理状态的文章中讨论屏住呼吸会导致精神紧张的生理原因和心理原因。在整个移动过程中，当你开始转移体重，也就是你开始移动的时候，先用鼻子深吸一口气，然后再通过横膈膜，将吸入的气从嘴里呼出。
开始，这种保持呼吸的方法看起来很奇怪，但是长期坚持会非常有用，你会发现在你攀登的过程中，它对保持松弛心态起到了很大的作用。
Placing Crampons
As in rock climbing, good footwork is the key to success in ice climbing. The more effective you are with your feet the more you will reduce the load on your arms thereby preserving the energy in your arms.
You can use your crampons in several different ways. You can kick the points into the ice such that they bite securely or you can place them on any edges, pockets etc in the ice. Similar to how you would place your rock shoes on rock edges.
When placing your points into the ice two principles are particularly worth considering:
Your body positioning (Centre of Mass) directly affects the load that is transmitted down through your legs and onto the front points.
LOOK at where you are placing your front points.
To illustrate the importance of your body positioning try this little exercise (with or without crampons. If using crampons it works well if you can place the points in the ice on a short steep step just of the ground. If need be use your axes to give you a couple of handholds).
Stand with your feet shoulder width apart and your eyes closed.
Now relax your hips such that your bum sort of, well, sags. Where do you feel your weight on your feet/rails of your crampons?
Again keep the same position (feet shoulder width apart) and this time slightly bend your knees (i.e. just relax your legs) and clench your butt cheeks as though you had a pound coin between them (this should pull your pelvis forward slightly). Where do you feel your weight on your feet/rails of your crampons?
What you should have felt in the first exercise with your bum err..sagging, is your weight towards the back of your feet/heels. In the second exercise where you tighten up your glutes and pull your hips forward whilst relaxing your knees, you should have felt the weight towards the ball of your feet/toes.
After placing your front points in the ice adopting that knees relaxed, butt cheeks clenched position, hips forward you will find that your body weight helps push the points into the ice and assists in keeping them located. Effectively what you are doing is 'balancing' your weight towards the front of your crampons. When moving upwards this weight transfer onto the front points of your crampons is crucial to effective footwork.
Looking down at your front points allows you to see where you are placing your front points and allows you to make best use of any surface irregularities. It also pushes your bum out allowing your legs to bend and lift without bashing the ice. Although this may seem a no-brainer it is surprising how many climbers tend not to look at their feet when placing their crampons, instead drag their feet up and blindly kick the front points in. Top tip - when placing your crampons make sure you eyeball them – and keep eyeballing them until you are happy with their placement.
When it comes to placing your crampons, bearing in mind the principals outlined above – body positioning and eyeballing your crampons - you have two main options. You can kick the crampon points into the ice or place them (much as you would do if placing your rock shoes when rock climbing) on any irregularities, edges or hollows on the ice.
Kicking your points in – this technique generally works best when there are very few features to use i.e. the ice is a uniform 'sheet'. To effectively kick your front points securely into the ice ensure that you first eyeball where they are going to go. Lift up your leg slightly, bend your knee whilst slightly raising your toes, then kick the points into place using a positive kick. What's a positive kick? You need to use enough power behind the kick to drive the points into the ice but not too much power you shatter the ice, and enough power that your points don't do much more than tickle the ice. When the front points have bitten into the ice positively weight the points. Repeat the process for the other leg.
The key to avoiding the front points shearing as you weight the points whilst stepping up is keeping your heels level. Avoid the temptation to climb on your toes (rock climbers find this challenging to do as they tend to climb on tip toe on rock). If your front points keep shearing out try making a conscious effort to drop your heels more as you weight your crampon points. Dropping your heels slightly also helps the secondary points engage the ice more effectively creating a nice stable platform to weight. You do not need the points to be overdriven into the ice. You only need to have a small fraction of your front points placed into the ice and then balance your weight over the points using your centre of mass.
Placing your points – this works well if the ice is very featured. Here just think as though you were rock climbing. Again eyeball where you want to place your crampons before making any move. You are looking for any sort of feature that you can place your crampons on. You may have choices between using the front points on a small edge or pocket, or you may hook the secondary points over protruding feature (more technical crampons are specifically designed to allow this to happen and have secondary points that are V shaped allowing the gap between them to securely hook over such ice features.
Efficient footwork on ice does rely on you making effective use of either or both of these core techniques. Time spent practising using your crampons on ice (on a top rope) is time well spent honing your footwork.
使用冰爪 和攀岩一样，好的脚法是成功攀冰的关键。脚法运用得越有效，就越能减轻攀爬过程中胳膊的负担，从而节省臂力。
冰爪的运用有很多不同的方法。你可以将冰爪前齿踢入冰壁，这样前齿就咬合稳当了，或者踩在冰壁边沿，或者踩在冰洞中，就像攀岩的时候用攀岩鞋踩岩石边沿一样。
当你将前齿踢入冰壁时有两点要特别注意：你身体的重心会直接影响到从腿传导下去，最终施加在冰爪前齿的力量；看好冰爪前齿准备踢入的地方。
为了说明身体重心的重要性，我们先来做个小测试。（可以穿冰爪，也可以不穿冰爪。如果穿冰爪做这个练习，你可以将冰爪前齿踢入地面上短陡的冰阶上。如有需要，还可以使用两只冰镐作为把手）。
两脚开立，与肩同宽，闭上双眼。放松屁股，呃，让臀部下垂。试着感觉你的体重落在脚的什么位置上？或者冰爪的哪个齿上？
保持同样的姿势（双脚与肩同宽），但双膝微曲（也就是放松你的双腿），收紧屁股蛋，就好在屁股蛋中间夹加了一枚硬币（这时你的盆骨也应该会略微前送）。再感觉一下你的体重落在了脚的什么位置上？或者冰爪的哪个齿上？
在第一个臀部下垂姿势的练习中你感觉到了什么？是不是你的体重都落在了脚的后半部分或脚跟上。而在第二个收紧屁股向前送胯放松膝盖的练习中，你感觉到的是你的体重落在了你的前脚掌或者是脚尖位置。
因此，在你将冰爪前齿踢入冰面后，你可以放松双膝，收紧臀部，向前送胯，你将会发现你的体重在给你的前齿施压，帮助了冰爪的稳定。实际上，你所做的这个就是在将你的体重均分在你的冰爪前部。当你向上攀爬的时候，这一将体重转移到冰爪前齿的要点，就是脚法好坏的决定性因素。
注意向下观察你的冰爪前齿，这样你就可以看到你的冰爪踢在哪里，并更好地利用各种不形态的冰面。这样还促使你在攀冰的时候向外撅屁股，屈腿上攀，而不是猛力砸冰。尽管这看起来是一件很容易的事儿，但你会惊讶地发现很多攀冰者都在踢冰爪的时候不看脚点，而只是拖着自己的脚在冰上用前齿乱踢。首要建议——踢冰爪的时候，一定要死盯着冰爪——而且要一直盯着，直到你非常满意他们的落点为止。
当你使用冰爪的时候，一定要切记上面提到的两个原则——身体站位和紧盯冰爪。你可以将冰爪前齿踢入冰面，或者像攀岩时用攀岩鞋那样，利用不同形态的冰面将冰爪踩在冰壁的边沿或冰洞里。
踢冰——这个技巧一般在缺少其他形态的“光板儿”冰壁上更为好用。为了能够更有效地将前齿稳稳踢入，一定要确保：第一，死盯着冰爪要踢入的位置。第二，略微抬腿，屈膝，同时微微翘起脚尖，然后用前齿给冰壁稳当一踢。什么是稳当一踢？你即要使出足够的劲将冰爪踢入冰壁，又不能使太大的劲儿踢碎冰壁，更不能像给冰壁挠痒痒一样不用劲儿。而当冰爪前齿稳当地咬合入冰时，你就可以把体重转移到前齿上了。另一只脚再重复同样的流程。
在你向上蹬起并给前齿施加重量时，为了防止前齿脱出，最好要保持脚跟的水平位置。也要避免用脚尖攀冰（攀岩者会因为攀岩时总用脚尖踩点而在这方面感到不适）。如果你的冰爪前齿还是一直往外脱出，那你就要有意识地再让脚跟沉一些，通过体重给冰爪前齿施力。略微沉脚跟还可以让你的第二排钩齿咬合入冰，更有效地形成稳定的支撑。冰爪前齿并不需要过度插入冰面。你只需要通过将冰爪前齿插入冰面来增加一点摩擦力，然后再利用身体重心将体重均衡地落在两个前齿上即可。
踩冰——如果冰壁形态很多样，不是“光板儿”，就可以用冰爪踩踏了。你只要想着是在攀岩就可以了。再次强调，任何移动前，都要盯着你冰爪将要踩放的位置。你的眼睛也要四下寻找任何可以踩放冰爪的地方。你可以选择用冰爪前齿来踩冰壁的小边沿或冰洞，也可以选择用第二排钩齿来钩挂突出冰壁的地方。（很多技术型冰爪的第二排钩齿都具有V字形钩齿这样特殊的设计，它可以让冰爪钩齿之间的缺口稳定地钩挂在具备这种可钩挂形态的冰壁上）
攀冰过程中，给力的脚法依赖于有效地利用以上这两项技巧。通过顶绳在冰壁上不断练习使用你的冰爪，就是在不断磨砺你的脚法。
