攀登事故报告 YellowSpur绳子被割断的调查报告

攀岩 12年前

  调查报告人:落基山救援组

  翻译:tethys(小t)

  March6,2011

  时间:2011年3月6日 OnthemorningofJune22,2010,JosephMillerfellwhileleadingthesecondpitchoftheYellowSpurrouteontheRedgardenWallinEldoradoCanyonStatePark.Duringthefalltheclimber’sropefailed,resultinginafatalgroundfall.

  2010年6月22日清晨,JosephMiller在攀爬YellowSpur路线的第二段时冲坠。(YellowSpur位于EldoradoCanyonStatePark的Redgarden岩壁。

  路线信息可查看链接http://mountainproject.com/v/colorado/boulder/eldorado_canyon_sp/105748657

  EldoradoCanyonStatePark的信息可查看链接http://parks.state.co.us/parks/eldoradocanyon/Pages/EldoradoCanyonHome.aspx

  坠落过程绳子失效,攀爬者坠落至地面,死亡。

  Duetotheunusualoccurrenceofaclimbingropefailure,theRockyMountainRescueGroup3(RMRG)conductedanaccidentinvestigationfocusedonthecauseofthefailure.Thisreportcontainstheactivities,findingsandconclusionsofthatinvestigation.Theintentofthisreportistoobjectivelydeterminewhatmostlikelyhappenedduringtheaccident.RMRGhasnospecialrelationshipwithanyoftheindividualsorequipmentmanufacturersmentionedhereinnordidRMRGreceiveanycompensationforconductingthisinvestigation.Weencourageotherstoreplicateourtestingofthisorsimilarscenarios.

  鉴于攀爬绳索被割断的情况极为罕见,落基山救援组(RMRG,www.rockymountainrescue.org)针对失效原因进行了事故调查。本报告包含调查过程的经过、发现以及结论,意在客观的确定事故最可能发生的情况。RMRG与文中所涉及到的任何个人或设备厂商没有特殊关系,RMRG也没有得到关于进行事故调查的任何报酬。我们鼓励其他机构或个人重复我们所进行的测试,或相关测试。 Figure1ashowsaphotooftheYellowSpurroutewiththeareaoftheaccidentoutlinedinyellow.Thesecondpitchoftheroutestartsfromatreeandtraversestoclimber’sleftbeforeheadingupadihedral(Figure1b).Theroutewasclosedtemporarilyfollowingtheaccidentinordertogatheron-siteinformationinsupportoftheinitialinvestigationconductedbytheBoulderCountySheriff’sOffice(BCSO).Priortore-openingtheroute,adetailedinspectionofthesecondpitchoftheroutewasperformedbyRMRG,andphotographsweretakenoftheclimbingprotectionplacedbyMillerduringtheclimb.

  Figure1.a)Accidentlocationonthe2ndpitchofYellowSpur.b)2ndPitchofYellowSpurlabeledwithapproximateclimbingroute(dashedline),andapproximatelocationsofthebelayer,protectionandleadclimberpriortothefall.

  图1(左)给出了YellowSpur路线的照片,事故发生位置被黄线圈出。路线的第二段从一棵树起步,横切至攀爬者左侧,到达一个二面角下方(图1右)。事故发生后,博尔德县警长办公室(BCSO)展开初步调查,为了采集现场证据,关闭了此路线。在重新向攀爬者开发此路线之前,RMRG对第二段路线进行了详细的调查,并对Miller攀爬时设置的保护站进行了拍照。

  图1.左图:在YellowSpur第二段发生事故的位置;右图:红色折线标示出YellowSpur第二段的大致攀爬路线,三个黄色箭头由下至上分别大致标示出保护员所在位置,保护点位置以及攀爬者发生坠落的位置。

  Interviews

  访谈 Interviewswithanumberofnearbyclimberswhowitnessedtheeventsleadingtothefalland/orthefallitselfwereconductedbyRMRG.Miller’sclimbingpartner,whowasbelayingatthetime,wasalsointerviewed.Theprimarypurposeoftheseinterviewswastounderstandthesituationleadinguptothefallandthesequenceofeventsduringthefallitself.Theinformationprovidedbywitnessesandthebelayerwereconsistentwitheachotherandallowustopresentthefollowingsequenceofevents:

  RMRG对目睹导致坠落事故发生或亲见坠落过程的附近攀爬者进行了访谈。当时给Miller做保护的搭档也接受了采访。进行这些访谈的主要目的是了解导致坠落的原因以及坠落过程的续发事件的顺序。目击者和保护员提供的信息相符合,据此我们可以得出续发事件为以下顺序: Millerfollowedthefirstpitch,climbingitsmoothlyandwithoutanydifficulties.HereachedthebelayanchorsetupbyhispartneratthetreeinFigure1b.Duringabriefdiscussion,heandthebelayerdecidedthatMillerwouldleadthesecondpitch.ThebelayerwasanchoredtothetreeandwasusinganATC-Guide(BlackDiamond)inastandardbelayconfigurationfromhisharness.Millerplacedthreepiecesofclimbingprotectionasheledthesecondpitch.ThehighestpointontheroutereachedbyMillerwasinthelowerportionofthedihedralinFigure1b.ThethirdpieceofprotectionplacedbyMillerwasnearthishighpoint.Millerappearedtobehavingdifficultywiththeclimbingnearthepointwherethethirdpiecewasplacedandwasbeingencouragedbythebelayer.Millerfellshortlythereafter.Duringthefall,thethirdpieceof

  Miller跟攀第一段路线,顺利通过没有遇到困难。他到达由搭档在图1(右)树的位置设置的保护点。经过简短的讨论,他们决定由Miller领攀第二段路线。保护员在树上设置保护站,使用ATC-Guide(BlackDiamond)保护器与安全带相连,保护器使用设置正确。Miller在第二段攀爬过程中达到的最高点位于岩壁两面角的低处(见图1右)。Miller在此位置附近设置了第三个保护点。在尝试通过这个保护点的时候,Miller遇到些困难,不过保护员鼓励他继续攀爬。之后不远处Miller冲坠。坠落中第三个保护点被拉出,但是第一和第二个保护点依然固定于岩壁上。  protectionpulledout,butthefirstandsecondpiecesheld.Millercontinuedtofallstraightdownandpastasmallledge.Thespeedofhisfallappearedtoslowverybrieflyasiftheropehadbeguntoarrestthefall.However,theclimbingropethenseveredandMillerstruckthegroundnearthebaseoftheroute.

  Miller继续垂直坠落并越过一个小平台。他的坠落速度短暂减缓,貌似绳子开始受力。然而,绳子被割断,Miller撞到路线起步附近的地面上。

  Therearetwoadditionalimportantpointsfromthebelayer’saccountoftheaccident.First,heindicatedthattheinitialprotectionplacedbyMillerhadalongslingsuchthatitdidnotcausetheropetochangedirectionsbetweenthebelayerandthesecondpieceofprotection.Second,thebelayerindicatedthathefeltverylittleforceonthebelayfromthefall.Thatis,hewasnotpulledsignificantlysidewaysorupwardsbytheropeaswouldtypicallybethecasewhencatchingaleaderfallfromthisbelaylocation.Immediatelyafterthefall,thebelayerpulledtheremainingropeuptothebelayandsawthattheropehadbeensevered.HeremovedthefirstpieceofprotectionplacedbyMillerbeforerappellingdowntothebaseofthefirstpitch.Themiddlepieceofprotection(whichheldthefallpriortotheropefailure)remainedinplaceandwasphotographedduringtheinitialinvestigation(Figure2).

  根据保护员对事故情况的描述,还有两点重要信息。第一,他指出由Miller放置的第一个保护点有一个长扁带,用来防止绳子在保护员和第二个保护点之间改变方向。第二,保护员声称在发生坠落时,他没有感觉到绳子上有明显的拉力。也就是说,他并没有类似通常情况下发生先锋冲坠时被绳子拉到一边或者向上拉起。发生冲坠后,保护员立刻收起余下的绳子,发现绳子已经被割断。下降到第一段路线起步位置之前,他移除之前由Miller设置的保护点。中间的保护点(在冲坠发生后和绳子失效之前受力)留在了远处,初步调查时对它进行了拍照。(图2)


Figure2.Protectionthatheldduringthefall(viewedfromabove).
图2:黄色箭头指示的是坠落发生后承受拉力的保护点(从路线上方拍摄)

  InspectionofEquipment

  装备的调查

  Theclimber’sropewas200feet(60meters)inlength,9.7mmindiameterandmanufacturedbyBeal.ThreepiecesofclimbingprotectionhadbeenplacedbyMillerwhileleadingthesecondpitch.Thehighestpiecewasa#0.5BlackDiamondCamalotcammingdevicethatwasattachedwitha24-inchDynexslingandtwowire-gatecarabiners.Thispiecepulledoutduringthefall.Thesecondpiecewasa#0.4Camalot,alsowitha24-inchslingandwire-gatecarabiners;thispieceheldduringthefall.Thelowestpiecewasamid-sizedstopper(unknownbrand)placedashortdistancefromthebelay.

  攀爬者使用的绳子是200英尺(60米),9.7mm粗,由Beal制造。Miller在先锋攀爬第二段路线时设置的三个保护点,最高处是一个0.5号BlackDiamondCamalot机械塞,与之相连的是一根24英寸的Dynex扁带和两把丝门锁。冲坠发生后这个保护点被拔出。第二个保护点是一个0.4号Camalot机械塞,也是连着一根24英寸扁带和两把丝门锁;坠落发生后这个保护点起到制动作用。最低的保护点是设置在保护站附近的一个中号岩石塞(生产厂家不明)。  Adetailedinspectionofallclimbingequipmentfoundontheroutewasperformed.Ingeneral,theequipmentappearedtobeingoodcondition.Inspectionofthe#0.5Camalotfounddamagetothelobesconsistentwithashalloworopenplacementandaforceconsiderableenoughtopullthedevicefromitsplacement(Figure3).Damagetoitsassociatedcarabinersandslingwerealsoconsistentwithdamagecausedbyhighimpactwithrock.The#0.4Camalotanditsassociatedcarabinersandslingwerefoundtobeingoodcondition.Theclimber’sropewasinspectedoveritsfulllength.

  Theropefailureoccurredapproximately20feet(6meters)fromafigure-8knotthatconnectedtheropetotheclimber’sharness.Therewerelightabrasionsalongtheropeforseveralfeetontheclimber’ssideofthefailure.Inaddition,thereweredarkdiscolorationsonthebelayer’ssideofthefailureconsistentwithaloadedropemovingacrossacarabiner.Theremaining~175feet(53meters)ofropewasingoodcondition.Duringthisinvestigation,wefoundnoreasontosuspectthattherewasanyropedefectorthatthisropewasparticularlysusceptibletothedamagethatoccurred.

  我们对路线上找到的所有攀爬装备都进行了细致的调查。总体来说,装备处于正常状态。对机械塞凸轮上发现的损坏情况的调查与放置点的浅缝或开合程度以及坠落发生后可以把它拔出的足够强的拉力相符合(图3)。与之相连的主锁和扁带上的损坏情况也与在岩壁上发生高冲击的情况吻合。0.4号机械塞以及相连的主锁和扁带状态良好。我们对攀爬者的绳子也进行了完整长度的检查。

  绳子大约在距与攀爬者安全带相连的八字结20英尺(6米)处断裂。在攀爬者这一端的绳子若干英尺的长度上有轻微磨损。此外,在保护员这一边的绳子上有深色污点,这也与负重绳子从主锁中磨擦穿过相吻合。余下的约175英尺(53米)的绳子状况良好。在调查中,我们没有发现绳子有任何失效预兆的证据,或者导致这种断裂发生的可疑现象。


Figure3.Closeupofdamagetocamthatpulledoutduringfall.
图3:坠落发生后崩出岩壁的机械塞损坏部位的特写照片。

责任编辑:玄天

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